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History of Bulgaria (1878–1946)
After the Russo-Turkish War, an autonomous Bulgarian state was created within the Ottoman Empire by the Treaty of Berlin in 1878. Although remaining under Ottoman sovereignty, it functioned independently, taking Alexander of Battenberg as its first prince. In 1885 it took control of the still-Ottoman Eastern Rumelia, officially under a personal union. Following the abdication of Alexander, Ferdinand I was elected king in 1887. Full independence was declared in 1908.
The 1912–1913 Balkan Wars, Bulgaria initially formed an alliance with Greece and Serbia against the Ottoman Empire, together conquering a great deal of Ottoman territory. Bulgaria was however unhappy with the resulting division of territory, and soon went to war against its former allies, in which it lost territory it had gained in the first war. The First World War saw Bulgaria allied with Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire. Its defeat led to the Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine, in which it lost further territory. Social problems and political instability persisted throughout the interwar years. In the Second World War, Bulgaria again allied with Germany. Although it attempted to pull out of the war as Soviet Union advanced towards it, it was invaded, and a communist government was put into power.
==1878–1912==
The proposed Treaty of San Stefano of March 3, 1878 provided for a self-governing Bulgarian state, which comprised the geographical regions of Moesia, Thrace and Macedonia. Fearing the establishment of a large Russian client state on the Balkans, the other Great Powers, especially Britain and Austro-Hungary, were not willing to agree to the treaty.〔R. J. Compton, ''Bulgaria'' (Oxford University Press: Oxford, 2007) pp.93–94.〕 The British were concerned over the safety of their routes to the Suez Canal and India.〔R. J. Compton, ''Bulgaria'', p. 94.〕 The Dual Monarchy that was the Austria-Hungarian Empire was afraid that establishment of a large independent Slavic state in the Balkans would encourage other Slavs living in the Austro-Hungarian Empire to also seek an independent break away state. Accordingly, both Britain and Austria-Hungary sought for the treaty to be revised.〔R. J.Compton, ''Bulgaria'', p. 94.〕
As a result, the Treaty of Berlin (1878), under the supervision of Otto von Bismarck of Germany and Benjamin Disraeli of Britain, revised the earlier treaty, and scaled back the proposed Bulgarian state. An autonomous Principality of Bulgaria was created, between the Danube and the Stara Planina range, with its seat at the old Bulgarian capital of Veliko Turnovo, and including Sofia. This state was to be under nominal Ottoman sovereignty but was to be ruled by a prince elected by a congress of Bulgarian notables meeting in Turnovo as the Bulgarian Principality's Constituent Assembly〔Misha Glenny, ''The Balkans: Nationalism, War and the Great Powers, 1804–1999'' (Viking Press: New York, 1999) p. 168.〕 on February 10, 1879〔R. J. Compton, ''Bulgaria'', p. 96.〕 and approved by the Powers. They insisted that the Prince could not be a Russian, but in a compromise Prince Alexander of Battenberg, a nephew of Tsar Alexander II, was chosen.〔R. J. Compton, ''Bulgaria'', p. 101.〕 An autonomous Ottoman province under the name of Eastern Rumelia was created south of the Stara Planina range, whereas Macedonia was returned under the sovereignty of the Sultan.
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